国内: 国内
分野: その他
製品: Gurobi Optimizer
21世紀も早や20年近くが過ぎ、少子高齢化や人口減少など日本が直面している問題が顕在化しつつあります。人間らしく幸せに安全に暮らす、という誰しもが願う社会像を実現するためには、環境や気候、災害・エネルギー・住宅・交通などの多岐に亘る社会問題に対し、包括的な視点から取り組んでいくことがより一層重要になります。このような考え方は、海外ではGeographical Sciencesという学問領域として広く認知されています。一方、残念ながら日本ではあまり一般的とは言えず、理系ならば社会基盤工学や建築学、数理工学・情報工学など、文系ならば地理学・経済学などの境界領域として取り組まれることがほとんどです。ScienceとArt、すなわち自然が創造したか人間が創造したかという観点で議論される欧米的な学問理解に対し、理系と文系、すなわち数学を主とするか否かで議論する日本的な学問意識という文化的背景の違いもあるように感じます。
このような問題意識から東京大学生産技術研究所・本間研究室では、持続可能な都市環境システムを議論するための数理的手法の提案と、その実社会への応用に積極的に取り組んでいます。一例として、Gurobi Optimizerを最大限に活用し取り組んでいるのが、次世代自動車の燃料補給のための施設配置問題です。
施設配置問題とは、私たちの生活を支える社会基盤施設をどこに配置するのが数理的に望ましいかを求めることが目的で、Geographical Sciencesでは必ず取り上げられる典型的な最適化問題です。近年、電気自動車(EV: Electric Vehicle)や水素燃料電池車(FCV: Fuel Cell Vehicle)といった、化石燃料に代わる代替燃料を用いた次世代自動車に注目が集まっています。技術開発が積極的に進められていますが、今なおEVはガソリン車と比べて航続距離が短く充電時間が長いゆえに、その社会的普及のためには、EVを充電することができる拠点を街中に効率よく配置する必要があります。FCVの場合も同様で、燃料となる水素を充填できる水素ステーションを配備しなくてはいけません。これらの社会インフラを適切に整備することが次世代自動車の使い勝手を決め、ひいては社会的普及のキーファクターとなることは明らかです。
現状ではまだEVやFCVの普及率が高いとは決して言えず、このような研究では、車両性能限界という制約の中で、「利用可能なEVやFCVの台数(=利用人数)最大化」を目的とすることが通常でした。まずは、利用者を増やし普及させることに主眼を置いており、その使い勝手までは十分に配慮しきれていなかったわけです。しかし、欧州で化石燃料車の禁止が本格的に議論されるなど、将来はEVやFCVを利用せざるを得ない、または、利用することは当然という社会がやってくることが想定されます。
そこで本間研究室では、全ての人が次世代自動車を利用するという制約の下、その「燃料補給のための移動にかかる追加時間(=不便さ)の最小化」を目的とした研究を行っています。すなわち全員がなんとか利用することはできるが、決して十分には社会インフラが整っていない状況を想定し、その使い勝手を議論する次のステージを見据えた研究です。この施設配置問題は整数計画問題に帰着されるため、Gurobi Optimizerを使って解くことで、「最適」であるという理論的な根拠を持った配置案の提案を行うことができます。また、将来的には次世代自動車の交通政策分析への展開および交通流シミュレータの開発も可能になるとも考えています。
この代替燃料車の分析例に限らず、世の中には「ひと・モノ・金・情報」の様々な流れが飛び交っています。このような社会における流動を数学的に記述する試みは空間相互作用モデルと呼ばれ、私もメイントピックの一つとして長年その研究に取り組んできました。このモデルを用いると、例えば日本全国の観光地にはどのくらいの観光客が集まるかなどを分析することができるのですが、そのベースとなる数式の一つが提案された際には、物理学におけるエントロピー理論のアイディアが用いられました。空気の循環などを記述するときに用いられるエントロピー理論は「最も実現しやすい状態が発生」することを想定しているので、「ある現象の起こりやすさを最大化」する最適化問題になります。最も自然な流れこそが社会では実現しているというイメージでしょうか。その意味では、分野こそ少し異なりますが、Gurobiに出会う前から、最適化問題には親しみがあったように思います。
私が、次世代自動車のためのインフラ施設配置問題を研究するに当り、Gurobi Optimizerを採用した一番の理由は、その問題が解けないときに「あきらめがつく」からです。他の整数計画問題と同様、施設配置問題にも様々な定式化の方法があるので、Gurobi Optimizerで解けないときには、定式化が悪いと判断できます。そのためにも、やはりソルバーは可能な限り高性能であるべきで、その答えがGurobiだと思います。
東京大学 生産技術研究所 都市基盤安全工学国際研究センター 本間研究室のWebサイト:
http://www.honma-lab.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/
ICUSでは,(1) 「災害安全社会実現学」、(2) 「国土環境安全情報学」、(3) 成熟社会基盤適応学」を掲げ、人口減少高齢化、財政健全化、高度技術、低環境負荷、地方分権、縮小均衡などを特徴とするわが国において、人々が豊かに安全に暮らす都市環境を実現し継続するための課題の抽出と解決策の提案が目的です。これは先進国はもちろん、途上国においても将来確実に同様の課題を抱える状況の中で、課題先進国としてのわが国が国際的に期待される役割を果たすことでもあります。
都市基盤安全工学国際研究センターは従来の活動を踏まえ、「災害安全社会実現学」「国土環境安全情報学」「成熟社会基盤適応学」の3つをコアな研究分野として、「先端研究の推進」「ネットワークの構築」「情報の収集と配信」を通して、上記の目的を果たすべく活動を実施しています。
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